tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57343016524700686332024-03-12T05:18:33.059-04:00The SpectatorThe Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.comBlogger143125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-29684619825593732872021-04-19T10:11:00.001-04:002021-04-19T10:11:26.437-04:00Review: Going To Trindad<p style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 9px;">The author of <i>Going To Trinidad </i>says in his preface that he grew up in “an era when most people believed gender was a binary thing.” I’m a little more than 10 years older than the author and I grew up believing the same thing so I bought this book in the hope that I would learn something about transgender people. </p><p style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 9px;">I also bought the book because the author, Martin J. Smith, is a former student and I am pleased to report that I have done no harm, although I could have said that many times over the years after reading some of his novels and another nonfiction book, <i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcil_H_O0tac48ILMxOr1mwlL4sfx-L4-nB5mLtVPPrd4pUUdyv-Ge0NTwkkOLf8kYFJsVTynCEGaZuTtcfUFX1QpZtnll1VubQ3clm6ctk-3dwCqjITqUcvtBr_-bGSKPZGp_FaBrjc/s2048/marty+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1412" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcil_H_O0tac48ILMxOr1mwlL4sfx-L4-nB5mLtVPPrd4pUUdyv-Ge0NTwkkOLf8kYFJsVTynCEGaZuTtcfUFX1QpZtnll1VubQ3clm6ctk-3dwCqjITqUcvtBr_-bGSKPZGp_FaBrjc/w138-h200/marty+cover.jpg" width="138" /></a></i></div><i>The Wild Duck Chase: Inside the Strange and Wonderful World of the Federal Duck Stamp Contest</i>. Marty always tells a compelling story. <p></p><p style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 9px;">In <i>Going To Trinidad</i>, which has the subtitle <i>A Doctor, a Colorado Town, and Stories from an Unlikely Gender Crossroads</i>, Smith focuses on two men who struggled with gender identity and ultimately were treated by Dr. Stanley H. Biber, once a surgeon in a MASH unit in the Korean War where he learned how to replace missing body parts, among other things. Trinidad, Colorado, is the town where Biber practiced and “going to Trinidad” means getting transition surgery. Both patients provided contemporary reports on their lives and Smith has done a good job of using that information to complete the story. </p><p style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 9px;">To say that the story is complicated would be an understatement and to tell you why would be a spoiler. I cannot even say that the book is a comprehensive examination of the transgender condition. Smith never set out to write such a book, as the subtitle tells us. Even as Smith began his research, he had to endure challenges from the transgender community, and Smith gives space in an afterword to a woman doctor, once a man, who says his two subjects are atypical of the people who have gender transition surgery. He wrote about that in The Hill and you can find the essay <a href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/opinion/548272-how-one-writers-coverage-of-the-trans-community-changed-his-life?fbclid=IwAR0uOacGHD_dO_UX6wgqIpkZuc0Xmy5Bdl3EZXR47hZfcE8bdfJBnH4XYvI"><span style="color: #0044d6;">here</span></a>. </p><p style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 9px;">If I have any real criticism of the book it would be that his main characters transitioned physically from male to female. Smith mentions, but does not include in any detail, someone who transitioned from female to male. Of course, that could always be another book.<br /></p>The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-10079691679177213272021-03-01T11:54:00.000-05:002021-03-01T11:54:03.758-05:00All the news that's missed in print<p> </p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>By R Thomas Berner</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">I’m a news junkie. I subscribe to at least six newspapers and receive free daily newsletters from others. Certainly, that’s overkill for national and international news but when it comes to local and state news, I can’t get enough from a single source. That’s how bad things are in the local news business—and it’s not for want of dedicated reporters trying despite the corporate owner.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">I belong to the school of journalism that mandates coverage of local government </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEy-sO-OfClg4OH2S4s5kWfNSJiDUH71uu_q5e6-3jOAEMhpi5cMrNi_r7jBRERKBmWnn77ZAeNQx_kLHOdcHnGafSpoUGZ-oOTo7T5SpRBiv_Aj-_lPNo3NUAKw_0ULv9T1tjOL0RsDQ/s1700/gotnews.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="1700" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEy-sO-OfClg4OH2S4s5kWfNSJiDUH71uu_q5e6-3jOAEMhpi5cMrNi_r7jBRERKBmWnn77ZAeNQx_kLHOdcHnGafSpoUGZ-oOTo7T5SpRBiv_Aj-_lPNo3NUAKw_0ULv9T1tjOL0RsDQ/w320-h243/gotnews.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />and schools. You write a story about the agenda of the next council meeting; you write a story about what happened at the meeting; you follow up on some things that were discussed but not voted on at the meeting. Plenty of local stories throughout the week and maybe an in-depth one for Sunday. In the sports section, you make room for all of the high school sports, even if it’s just a couple of paragraphs called in by the team manager.<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Short staffed as it is, the CDT can no longer do that; in fact, hasn’t done it for years now as the staff shrinks and the institutional memory fades. Local coverage is so thin that some people I know in Bellefonte subscribe to the Lock Haven Express, which routinely covers Bellefonte council and school board and makes sure the outcome of Friday night sports events are reported in Saturday’s printed edition.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In addition to the CDT and the Express, I also read the Centre County Gazette and I follow the editor of statecollege.com on Twitter and recently signed up for his daily newsletter as well as Penn State’s. And the letters in the CDT are a mix of opinion and fact not seen elsewhere. Is it any wonder I spend two hours every morning just checking my news providers?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The dearth of state government stories no doubt pleases our elected officials for it keeps us in the dark about their shenanigans. If it weren’t for legal advertising, we might not know there are efforts afoot to change the state’s constitution that would set us back a century. If you want to stay up to date on what’s happening in Harrisburg, I recommend a $9 subscription to Spotlight PA. The news service provides in-depth stories you don’t see anywhere else. I also get Pennsylvania Capital-Star, which accepts donations, and PoliticsPA, a news aggregator looking for a sponsor.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">What I really want, though, is a local newspaper well stocked with local and state government news. A print newspaper is probably out of the question. You need a press and a circulation department. Both are expensive.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">But we could have a worthy electronic newspaper. I envision a subscription-based newspaper that publishes seven days a week and with deadlines late enough to carry stories on evening meetings and sporting events. I envision in-depth and investigative stories. Let no stone go unturned.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">I’ve been in touch with a couple of my former students who are now experts in the field of online newspapers. They’ve offered me lots of good advice. The only thing they haven’t offered is money.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">I used to joke that if I hit the lottery, I’d buy the CDT. But I now realize the only thing I’d really be buying is a somewhat empty building at Dale Summit. The corporation that owns the CDT long ago dismantled and sold its press. So I’m thinking we start fresh and the least expensive way is electronic.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">My former students have advised me that my business plan is ambitious and might not attract a sugar daddy. But I want a thorough newspaper ready online every morning and that requires a cadre of reporters and editors (and I’d start by hiring the entire CDT newsroom) and subscribers.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">I mentioned a sugar daddy. What I really have in mind is a non-profit organization. Beyond organizing a newsroom, I am out of my element. But somewhere somebody is listening. Call me. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro", serif; margin: 0in;"><b>R Thomas Berner is a professor emeritus of journalism and American studies at Penn State, a former State College Borough council member, and a former city editor of the Centre Daily Times. </b> <o:p></o:p></p>The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0State College, PA, USA40.7933949 -77.860001212.483161063821157 -113.0162512 69.103628736178848 -42.7037512tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-38526790108416399652017-10-19T13:35:00.000-04:002017-10-19T13:36:48.418-04:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro";">The Woman Who Smashed
Codes. A True Story of Love, Spies, and the Unlikely Heroine Who Outwitted
America’s Enemies</span></i><span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro";">.
Jason Fagone. 444pp. Dey St. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro";">I’ve
always liked something Norman Mailer said about journalists and why he wasn’t
one of them even though he had received a Pulitzer Prize for his book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Armies of the Night</i>. In a subsequent
book, he said of journalists: "They had first of all to have enormous
curiosity, and therefore be unable to rest until they found out the secret
behind even the smallest event."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro";">Jason
Fagone is a curious journalist and because of that, he has given us <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Woman Who Smashed Codes</i>, the story
of Elizabeth Smith Friedman who with her husband spent most of their adult
lives cracking codes using “pencil, papers and their brains” (to quote from the
book) long before computers existed. Fagone explains that he first learned
about the Friedmans in 2014 and decided to do research on Elizabeth, who seemed
to be an afterthought in any of the stories written about her husband, William,
in effect, the man who gave us the NSA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fortunately
for Fagone, there existed a rich collection of his and hers personal papers,
hers, though, mostly ignored. Fagone found love letters, letters to her
children, handwritten diaries, a partial autobiography. The hunt was on!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From
those boxes he had a good idea what Elizabeth was doing until 1940 when the
records trail off. Then he wanted to know what she was doing during World War
II. It took him two years to find out that during the war Elizabeth decoded
messages exchanged by Nazi spies at a time when few people knew how to crack
the codes. Pencil, paper and brains, not computers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<span style="font-family: "adobe garamond pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But
that’s all I’m going to tell you. You have to read the book to learn about an
almost forgotten American heroine. When you do you’ll also get a good overview
of how codes were created and used, not just by spies but by organized crime. And
you’ll read the story of the woman who cracked many of those codes and helped
fight crime and win the war. This is a book worth reading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-41632692990515506232017-02-20T06:46:00.001-05:002017-02-20T15:11:37.133-05:00An Enterprising Reporter<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(Remarks
by me at a memorial service for Terry Dalton on Feb. 19.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Terry
Dalton and I worked for the same newspaper in Centre County in the early 1970s
and became fast friends. His job was to cover county and local government in
Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. That meant writing about anything from a boring
planning commission meeting to a murder trial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A
fellow reporter recalls “Terry with phone propped between chin and shoulder
typing notes as he interviewed people (some unwillingly). His desk was always
heaped with papers, notes, and what-have-you--debris from news gathering and
neglect. He was always intent and serious about his job, with proper measures
of cynicism/realism and good humor. He worked long and hard at his craft and
filled the CDT with a lot of fact and truth. I remember he got a fair
amount of ribbing about his stories being too long, something that carried over
to his annual Christmas letters.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Kathy,
who as the editor of the letters shortened them every year, laughingly takes
exception to that remark. But I digress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Terry
loved his job. No story was beneath him. And what made him even better was his
enterprising attitude. He not only covered what he was assigned, but he came up
with stories on his own. He was a self-starter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">An
activist from back home remembers Terry’s in-depth and extensive coverage of an
old mill about to be torn down resulted in a change of attitude in the
community and on town council and saved the mill, which became the home of a
very good restaurant and brewpub. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">When
he learned that a woman in the office where he worked had become an umpire in a
male softball league, he turned that into a feature story. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">When
a national report revealed that female anchors on television news shows were
required to be made up more heavily made up than males, he interviewed a woman
who had been born in our county and was at the time a news anchor in Baltimore.
He found a local angle to a national story, something he did many times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">When
a local man was killed in a mining accident, he pursued the story and learned
that safety in the mine was questionable and support for the widow was
negligible. We had to run that story through our attorney—and he changed not a
word.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Terry
was dogged in pursuit of a story. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">I
remember when Dan Rather of CBS News spoke at Penn State. Terry covered
Rather’s speech in an auditorium then walked with Rather to another venue for a
news conference. Most reporters would have just gone to the venue. Terry
attached himself to Rather—it looked to me as though they were joined at the
hip—and interviewed him on the way, even correcting Rather when he was fuzzy on
some facts. Terry had done his homework. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">He
loved politics regardless of party. He was “the consummate apolitical political
junkie.” He had an understated aggressive style—I know that’s an
oxymoron--backed up by facts, which meant the person he was interviewing
couldn’t lie about something. There were no alternative facts in a Terry Dalton
story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">He
interviewed a lot of national and state political figures. When you go to the
reception in McDaniel Lounge later, check out the photos of Terry interviewing
various politicians. My favorite is Terry interviewing Jerry Brown. Talk about
up close and personal. You’ll see.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Also
in those photos is John Anderson, who ran for president as a third-party
candidate in 1980. For Terry, it was a great story. I’m sure he would have
loved covering Bernie Sanders, whom he had met when he lived in Vermont and
Sanders was the mayor of Burlington. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">One
of the criticisms of the press is that it covers elections like horse races,
even when the ballots are being counted and the results are already determined
but not yet public and are made public after they are logged in and counted.
Sensitive to that, Terry turned the criticism on its head and covered one
election from the point of view of how the candidate was reacting to the
returns as they slowly arrived at his campaign headquarters and the outcome
kept changing. It was a horse race for the candidate even though the polls had
closed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Kathy
told me the other day about a self-deprecating story Terry used to tell, that
he had learned in ROTC how to take a rifle apart but he never could reassemble
it. Maybe not, but he certainly knew how to assemble a set of facts into a good
story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">He
was a very good deductive thinker. When he was growing up in New Jersey, the
family TV went on the blink. This was in the day of vacuum tubes and expensive
repair visits. Instead of calling someone, Terry turned on the TV, let the
tubes warm up and touched each one—carefully, of course. When he found the tube
that was cold, he went to the TV store and bought a new one and replaced the
cold one. Problem solved. Repair bill avoided. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Even
when he was fighting Alzheimer’s, he continued to be a deductive thinker. About
two years ago we had lunch with the family, and Terry and I were reminiscing
about people we had worked with 40 years ago. Suddenly, he was stuck for a
name. He started going through her attributes: Live wire. Journ student.
Italian. And then he said her name. As it was, she wasn’t Italian but her name
did end in a vowel. He was not to be denied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Let
me share some comments that others have posted on Facebook or shared with me
via email.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Brian Weakland: </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;">I'll remember Terry for his passion and joy. He
enjoyed life and enriched those around him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/rlfrick1?fref=ufi">Robert L. Frick</a></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A good man who took the time to
help me during my CDT internship, when it wasn't his job. You never forget
mentors like that.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/diana.w.griffith?fref=ufi">Diana
Griffith</a></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> …
Terry was my first mentor from the time I was in high school. He was one of my
instructors in the Penn State J-school and took the time to write a note of
praise while I was writing for The Daily Collegian (student newspaper at Penn
State). ... He was a wonderful person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/bill.wallace.9484?fref=ufi">Bill Wallace</a></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> … Terry was not much older than
the rest of us, but he was always the grown-up in the room. He led by example,
although I doubt he realized it. Most of us learned to be better journalists by
watching him work, and reading his work. He was a respected colleague and a
good man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rosa: … As a Collegian reporter, I had covered (a local
politician) at the same time Terry covered him for the CDT. I learned so much
from asking questions while sitting beside a great reporter. Before I left for
Chicago I gave Terry an illustrated copy of Walt Whitman's "Leaves of
Grass" ... I told Terry that, like Whitman, he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a scribe of democracy. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(I love that description.) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a scribe of democracy</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/david.morris.129357?fref=ufi">David Morris</a></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> … Terry and I both arrived in
Harrisburg for our respective papers at the same time in 1983. We bonded over
baseball and politics. Fittingly, the last time I saw him was a chance meeting
in Cooperstown.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Speaking of Cooperstown, Terry and Kathy were
married there in 1981. For those of you who don’t follow Terry’s favorite
sport, Cooperstown is the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. But,
wait, it gets better. Ever the sports junkie, on their honeymoon in the
Bahamas, they met and interviewed Muhammad Ali who was there training for the
final fight of his career<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Honeymoon?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Let me close by borrowing a couple of lines from
W.H. Auden.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PoetsElectraWeb-Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Earth,
receive an honoured guest:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PoetsElectraWeb-Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Terrence
Dalton is laid to rest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PoetsElectraWeb-Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Let the
Irish vessel lie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PoetsElectraWeb-Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Emptied
of its poetry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PoetsElectraWeb-Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PoetsElectraWeb-Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">And so,
Terry, from all of your friends, farewell and thank you for being you. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-28373402610335438422017-01-09T14:47:00.000-05:002017-01-09T14:47:47.149-05:00Inauguration Day<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGfLu5yCRSZ6wMLOrpBRBZf50IKbG5flqrQOB1zEBwKDzCD7vhr5gyJ8aur2_JMf8kHwMuQ0pewY9hKpg1bZ_I3hZSSOzZUeO2QEOW_4LD1oyFTc1MWH7FJXKHk1-W0ydBZJrGN3zyDAc/s1600/DSC_9361vulture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGfLu5yCRSZ6wMLOrpBRBZf50IKbG5flqrQOB1zEBwKDzCD7vhr5gyJ8aur2_JMf8kHwMuQ0pewY9hKpg1bZ_I3hZSSOzZUeO2QEOW_4LD1oyFTc1MWH7FJXKHk1-W0ydBZJrGN3zyDAc/s320/DSC_9361vulture.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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When is this country most vulnerable? About the time on Inauguration
Day when the president-elect puts his hand on the Bible and raises his right
hand. I’m trying to imagine what could go wrong on this Inauguration Day,
especially given the bellicosity of candidate and now President-elect Trump. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Trump has made a lot of noise about China. No problem. But
then he doubled down by taking a congratulatory phone call from the president
of Taiwan. A week later he doubled down again on that by saying the United
States isn’t bound by the one-China policy, a policy that for decades says with
a wink and a nod that there’s only one China and its capital is in Beijing. <o:p></o:p></div>
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China considers Taiwan a rogue state. It considers Taiwan
part of China. Trump seems to have cast that aside. How might China react?<o:p></o:p></div>
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First, a time zone lesson. When it’s noon in Washington,
it’s midnight in Beijing. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>I solemnly swear …</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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If I were the president of China, I’d move an armada around
Taiwan and at the stroke of midnight sail into its main port and declare that
Taiwan is part of China, hands down. I’d have my missiles locked and loaded
should there be resistance. In other words, I’d show Trump that there is a
one-China policy. <o:p></o:p></div>
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But, wait, there’s more than just China. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The boy despot in North Korea is ready to show off his nuclear
capability. What if he lobbed some missiles on South Korea? Even if the
missiles are not nuclear, consider the reaction? Our current secretary of
defense said on Meet the Press that the United States would shoot down any
missile aimed at it or an ally. Well, South Korea’s an ally. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Are we going to go to war with China over Taiwan? Are we
going to go to war with North Korea over South Korea?<o:p></o:p></div>
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…<i>will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and
defend the Constitution of the United States</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
And where do you think the Russians will come down on all of
this? Why, such a move by China alone would play into Putin’s hand. Throw in
North Korea and it’s game on. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Of course, I hope none of this happens, but I do believe
Trump is in addition to becoming the commander-in-chief may also become the
enabler-in-chief. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-29894543976955759292016-12-27T07:15:00.000-05:002016-12-27T09:45:42.135-05:00Climbing Out of a Deep Hole<div>
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<i>Hillbilly Elegy </i>was on my Amazon wishlist for the paperback, which
is scheduled for publication on May 30, 2017. But I kept hearing so many good
things about it, especially that it was the Rosetta Stone to the last election,
that I ordered the hard cover immediately and read it in short order.<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCa-LPofGo76WYk8yaf7dEkhtvDSqiHanKFrQEHwMoLT7hmc7RO_6W0dqUPk4KqxTE2vtWp1aL7b7ov8guu14bIuxrqR0GoM1hlfz9giS4tu1yKwsydY5c0bv4SpAmgbLn3Kdm2G4zZPA/s1600/Hillbilly.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCa-LPofGo76WYk8yaf7dEkhtvDSqiHanKFrQEHwMoLT7hmc7RO_6W0dqUPk4KqxTE2vtWp1aL7b7ov8guu14bIuxrqR0GoM1hlfz9giS4tu1yKwsydY5c0bv4SpAmgbLn3Kdm2G4zZPA/s320/Hillbilly.jpeg" width="238" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
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The author, J.D. Vance, put me in the wrong frame of mind in
his introduction when he wrote about working at the local tite factory to get
money to go to Yale Law School. Why, he took on as much overtime as he could.
Right there I loved the man’s work ethic. It’s one of his fellow workers who
turned me off. <o:p></o:p></div>
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According to Vance, after the worker, 19, was hired, the
manager offered his pregnant girlfriend a job as a clerical worker. As Vance put:
“Both of them were terrible workers.” She missed every third day and he took
long bathroom breaks. Eventually, both were fired, but the twist was that the
male thought he had been wronged, not that he had wronged his employer. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I was only on page 7 and I already couldn’t figure out why
anyone the author writes about would vote for Donald Trump. Clearly, the fired
employees should have been loyal Democrats, what with the stereotype that that
Democrats are the party that provides handouts to slackers. But as the book
progresses, we learn that the unemployed and the shiftless believed Trump would
restore the past.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Vance began life in Kentucky but his mother and one of her husbands/boyfriends
moved him and his sister to Ohio. Fortunately, his maternal grandparents also
made the move to a house nearby and technically they raised Vance. (He
dedicates the book to them, and when you’re done reading, you realize why his
mother, a drug addict, is not front and center. In the acknowledgements, she
appears in a series of names as “Mom.” I had to look three times to find her.)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The short story is that Vance overcame the hillbilly
culture, graduated from high school, was accepted at Ohio State, but joined the
Marines instead, then after a four-year hitch went to OSU and then Yale Law
School. What’s wrong with that story?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Simple. A lot of people don’t make it. And Vance recognizes
that there by for the grace of his grandmother, some teachers (public and Ivy
League), the Marine Corps, he might not have made it either. This is where the
book shifts from a memoir to a thoughtful disquisition on life, on the haves
and the have-nots, the ones who have pulled themselves up by their bootstraps
and those who don’t even have boots. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Vance says that the government can’t fix the problems, and
so you would not be surprised to learn that he is a Republican, although I don’t
think his thinking is necessarily aligned with the modern Republican party, the
party of the haves. He’s right that government can’t fix the problems, but
given his public education and Marine service, he should realize that
government can provide opportunities for those who want to get ahead.<o:p></o:p></div>
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All in all, a well told tale, although why those people
voted for Trump is still beyond me. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-90569307160704921932016-12-24T09:33:00.000-05:002016-12-24T11:26:51.228-05:00Questionable commercials<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Who doesn’t sit before a TV set and rant about something on
the screen? This is my latest.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’ve been ranting about two commercials lately and wondering
if the companies behind them have thought them through.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s start with Xfinity, my cable provider, which is
running a <a href="https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AXwz/xfinity-x1-hooking-up-grandmas-house">commercial</a>
that begins with grandparents learning they are out of it because they don’t
have wireless, etc., and the grandchildren are reluctantly visiting for the
holidays.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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So the grandparents quickly contact Xfinity and get up to speed
in less than a minute. Family arrives and grandfather uses the remote to say “Merry
Christmas, you filthy animals,” meaning the grandchildren. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What grandparent would ever say that to a grandchild? We hug
our grandchildren when they visit and make sure they have all the passwords
they need. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whatever Xfinity Xecutive approved that commercial should be
looking for a new job.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The other questionable commercial comes to us courtesy of <a href="http://us.wow.com/video?s_chn=201&v_t=aolsem&q=Dodge+Commercials+2016&s_it=sb-bot&s_pt=aolsem&page=2&oreq=fe0e5de82e4b494da8c8c1f9d98bd347">Dodge.</a>
Two Dodge Durangos with evergreen trees tied to their roofs race through an
urban street and then they stop at a red light. There we see that all of the
trees’ needles are gone, an indication of how fast the cars were going.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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But, wait, it gets better. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As we know from the start, the cars contain families and the
commercial is overlaid with holiday music. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So Dodge is not only pushing unsafe driving, but with
families in Durangos during the holidays. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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Another executive who should be out of work. <o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-84340219358120163732016-03-05T12:54:00.002-05:002016-03-05T12:54:49.069-05:00My Designing Business<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGGLSdLgIUX4bg1jaWxZL-oGxKo-rNR0nlSjN-H6_R5XAMbarUZlNNq7NGr58YD7HSnrw8FqBfFcwdMvrmu1XtjAMyym66WOQ6cvCOxOkDvlJEXOJBQg4B87P-l6KwWos71-F_IWnADAc/s1600/front+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGGLSdLgIUX4bg1jaWxZL-oGxKo-rNR0nlSjN-H6_R5XAMbarUZlNNq7NGr58YD7HSnrw8FqBfFcwdMvrmu1XtjAMyym66WOQ6cvCOxOkDvlJEXOJBQg4B87P-l6KwWos71-F_IWnADAc/s320/front+cover.jpg" width="257" /></a></div>
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I call myself an editorial consultant and when asked what
that means, I reply: “A variety of things.” For example, I’m a freelance writer
and photographer; I’m a journalism expert in defamation cases; I used to be an
online instructor; I restore old photographs; I manage my wife’s Etsy site; I’m a writing coach. <o:p></o:p></div>
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One thing I do for myself—but want to do for others as a
business—is design books. I’ve designed a friend’s memoirs and a deceased
editor’s story of his life, but I haven’t gained any traction with paying
customers. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I’m glad to report that the dry spell has ended with the
publication of <i>Living and Loving</i>, a
collection of poems by Kathleen M. Quinn-Farber. I’ve designed longer books,
but what made Kathleen’s challenging was that it’s poetry and text does not
flow from page to page the way it does in a memoir. Rather, each page is an
island unto itself. It’s requires more diligence. <o:p></o:p></div>
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After reading Kathleen’s poems, I suggested that the cover
contain nothing more than the title and a long-stem rose. She concurred. I was
about to buy one and photograph it when I asked my wife if she could paint one.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Well, it didn’t take Paulette long to produce one on her
iPad. Yes, her iPad. While she does paint on the usual surfaces from time to
time, she now creates most of her work on her iPad. In fact, she uses her iPad
so much that when the new ones came out, she thought she’d get my old one and I’d
get a new one. But I figured that the better definition in the new one was
worthy of her, not me. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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So we seem to be in business. We have something to show and
now we’re just waiting for new clients. <o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-67146435930810158502016-02-09T11:42:00.000-05:002016-02-11T08:06:18.597-05:00Never Kiss by the Garden Gate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Q4RnMcgJpHAe9SPhj2P1rJj7iw-OWu-7S46tlwYDSEe6mIYtz8vi-wL52do85RIJQtvpJfoh4MnaAC6O_J2V5e0keY4etgNkI2722w3At-YKdk59zYb0CQUdmqSDKYrASHaTn7PLYI4/s1600/lovers00207.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Q4RnMcgJpHAe9SPhj2P1rJj7iw-OWu-7S46tlwYDSEe6mIYtz8vi-wL52do85RIJQtvpJfoh4MnaAC6O_J2V5e0keY4etgNkI2722w3At-YKdk59zYb0CQUdmqSDKYrASHaTn7PLYI4/s320/lovers00207.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Rod Nordland was a feisty and intrepid reporter going back
to his days at the student newspaper at Penn State. In the meantime, he’s
matured and gotten even better. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
His latest is the story of Zakia and Ali, neighbors who fall
in love and want to marry against all rules and customs of Afghan society and the Islamic religion. (Both are Muslims, but she's Sunni and he's Shia.) Women have no say in their lives. They are told what to wear. A woman’s father decides
whom she will marry—and at what age. If a woman is raped, it’s her fault. For
shaming her family, she can be stoned to death by her own father and brothers. Child
brides are common. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite the book’s title, this is almost as much a book
about Nordland’s role in trying to help the couple despite the fact that it
means he sacrifices his journalistic neutrality, something he initially resists
and does not do lightly when he finally slips on the slippery slope. Thanks to
his initial story in his newspaper, <i>The
New York Times</i>, money flows in to help the couple, and when that is not happening,
Nordland provides some of his own. (A major donor is Miriam Adelson, wife of
Sheldon, herself Jewish and assisting a Muslim couple.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Woven within the story are historical examples of
star-crossed lovers, including some from Afghanistan and a particular couple created
by Shakespeare, although not with the same outcome. What I found particularly charming is that Nordland reports Ali’s changing ringtones, most of which are
from love songs and poems. Given that Ali is illiterate, the ringtones create a
bit of a mystery, and Nordland withholds explaining how Ali got them until
toward the end of the story, a reward for continuing with a story that is so
gripping, no reward is necessary. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Getting the couple out of the country is a challenge, and
when they finally do flee to Tajikistan, they are fleeced by corrupt
authorities who send them back to Afghanistan—penniless. In one of the more bizarre
twists in the story is that Zakia and Ali are still in Afghanistan living with
his family. I’m hoping they are safe, but given that families exact revenge
even centuries after the original provocation, I don’t hold out much hope for
the couple. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only major criticism I have about the book is that after
the epilogue, which is usually at the end of a book, Nordland continues for 50
more pages with two chapters about the conditions for women in Afghanistan. It’s
all very interesting but it is an odd fit, as though Nordland was cleaning out
his notebook. The story of Zakia and Ali needs no supporting chapters to tell
us had bad conditions are for the women and girls of Afghanistan. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>(Never kiss by the garden gate,<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Because love is blind,</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>But the neighbors ain’t.)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-5556082195216546862016-02-05T08:04:00.000-05:002016-02-05T08:04:24.143-05:00The Printing Press as an Agent of Preservation<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 127.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: red;">I wrote this article back in the 80s but presented it only as a paper at a conference at Penn State and never published it. I finally posted it here because of the continuing discussion about the sacredness of books versus electronic books. Well, books have changed and what we have today was once not sacred. </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 127.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 127.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: red;">(I removed all of the images, but left the frames.)</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 127.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 127.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(This article is protected by copyright.)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
The invention of the printing press is heralded by several scholars as
a turning point in history. Some suggest that had the printing press not been
invented, society would<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>not have<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>advanced.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 133.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Meggs,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>example,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>says:<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>"Some<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>historians have declared the invention of
typography to be the most important advance in civilization after the creation
of<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>writing.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 133.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Writing gave the human family a means<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;">
</span>of storing, retrieving, and documenting knowledge and information<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>that<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
transcended time and place. Typographic printing allowed the
economical and multiple production of alphabet communication. Knowledge spread
rapidly, and literacy increased as a result of this remarkable invention."<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>(Meggs, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">71)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Eisenstein is almost equally robust in touting the role of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>the printing press, although when she
completed her momentous study on the subject, she titled it <i>The Printing Press as an Agent of </i>Change
rather than <i>The Printing Press as the
Cause of Change. </i>To her credit, she sometimes acknowledges coincidence
between printing and the advancement of civilization rather than claiming cause
and effect.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">19)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Whereas Eisenstein is willing to credit the idea, <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Febvre </span>and Martin, on the other hand, ignore
the idea and give all credit to technology. You would not know from the
following passage if <u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Martin Luther </span></u>had a good idea or was merely lucky that the
printing press was invented. "One has only to think, if one wishes to
measure the influence of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>the<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
printing press, of the role played in the progress of the Reformation
by posters. Before every big event in the Reformation there was a poster to
advertise it, a poster which served to give the event general importance. When
Luther began his attack on Indulgences, the act which marked<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>step<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>much<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>words<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>sermon am the poster which he affixed to
the door of<span style="letter-spacing: -2.4pt;"> </span>the<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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Augustinian chapel at Wittenberg on the 31<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">st
</span>October, 1517.<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>Theses,<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;">
</span>translated<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>German<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>summarised, were printed as flysheets and
distributed throughout Germany. Within 15 days they had been seen in every part
of the country." (Febvre/Martin, pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">289-90)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Along the same lines, consider the argument that the great maps,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>tomes<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>charts<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>consider<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>milestones<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>would have never
existed without printing. As Eisenstein puts it: "Typographical fixity is
a basic prerequisite for the rapid advancement of learning." <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(Eisenstein 1979, </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">113)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">n </span>sum,
the argument for the printing press as a cause of change breaks out this Nay:
An oral culture is incapable of developing new ideas; a scribal culture merely
copies the ideas of the past; a print culture has the ability to discard the
past-but only because the past is first put into print. In other words, an idea
cannot be discarded until it has been printed.<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>502)<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>Ideas<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>put<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>print<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>be
traced.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>Sequence<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>understood.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>p.<o:p></o:p></div>
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199) We owe it all to the printing<span style="letter-spacing: -2.35pt;">
</span>press.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I want to argue for a more balanced view of the role of the printing
press in the Renaissance and by indirection the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>role of technology in mankind's development. Generally,
technological<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>change<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>product<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>changing<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>society.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Furthermore, any piece of new technology cannot be evaluated in a
vacuum. Finally, new technology initially serves to preserve rather than to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>change.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>THE CAUSE-AND-EFFECT<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ARGUMENT</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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We all know that printing was done long before Johann Gutenberg
invented his press around 1450. Credit for printing<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>text<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>paper<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>must<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>go<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Chinese<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>770<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>A.D., who<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>followed<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>pictorial<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>printing<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>from<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>wood<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>block;<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>a
century later. (Hunter, p. 6) Gutenberg was not even the first to use movable
type. Credit<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>for<o:p></o:p></div>
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that invention goes to Ta-jong,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>king
of Korea, who conceived and carried out the idea of movable copper<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>type<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>1403.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>(Diringer,<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">p.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">417)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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But we are
dealing today with <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">the </span>Renaissance and
I shall focus<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>on<o:p></o:p></div>
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printing as it relates to that<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>period.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In the first fifty years of printing, Stillwell says the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>following elements of printing<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>appeared:<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">color (by Gutenberg in the 42-line<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;"> </span>Bible),</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(Stillwell, pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">12-14)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Furthermore, with printing, it became easier to produce a book-the man
hours were no longer so great. (Eisenstein <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">1979,
pp.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">44-45)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Before printing, books were not very functional. Few had table of
contents, references, sections, indices, chronology, pagination. Says <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ellul: </span>"The books of the time were
not written to be used, along with hundreds of others, to locate a piece of
information accurately and quickly, or to validate or invalidate an experiment,
or to furnish a formula. They were not written to be consulted." (Ellul,
p.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">40)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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On the other hand, individuals found that printing<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>made books convenient to use. For<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>example:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 98%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 98%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seldom did scribes index a book. It was too tedious and each copy
needed a different index. Indexing a printed<span style="letter-spacing: -2.3pt;">
</span>book <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">was </span>worthwhile because
the results could be duplicated without error thousands of times. (Ong, <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">pp.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">86-87)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 98%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Editing and
correcting were possible, and consistent from copy to copy. (Steinberg 24)
Because printers were so concerned with how their works appeared, they spent
more time with each manuscript, which encouraged more<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>editing, correcting,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>collating.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">1979,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">p.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">52)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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errors, errata could be published. This is<span style="letter-spacing: -2.15pt;">
</span>no inconsequential matter if you are the printer who<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>has</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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printed a Bible that is bound and
ready and someone discovers<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>7<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">th </span>Commandment<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>lacks<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>"not."<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>You<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>can issue an
errata to go with the printed Bible so that people know you really didn't mean
to say "Thou shall commit adultery."<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;">
</span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">80-81)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Any innovation
that made a book more likely to be purchased was adopted: subheads, running
heads, footnotes, table of contents, cross references, title<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>pages. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(Eisenstein
1979, </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">52)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
That<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>functional<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>side<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>printing.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>What<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>the intellectual?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 29.75pt;">
Some scholars like to credit
the Protestant Reformation<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>with
bringing about the vernacular, but Eisenstein credits printing, which needed a
mass market to<span style="letter-spacing: -2.4pt;"> </span>succeed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 39.75pt;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Eisenstein 1979, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">pp. </span>353-54) Furthermore, by being willing to print in the
vernacular, printers opened the door to authors who wrote in the vernacular.
(Innis, p. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">53) And, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">of </span>course, new readers and new authors
meant new interpretations of the Bible and other old works. (Innis, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">p. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">54)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
The perception and nature of knowledge were changed (Smith, p. 9) and
the way records were kept was altered. (Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>24)<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>As<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>says:<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>Food<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>thought
was much more abundant. (Eisenstein 1979, p. 688) It was possible<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>provide<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>feedback.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(Eisenstein</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1979,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">111)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 34.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Printing helped in other ways. Before printing, the same unchanging,
rigid ideas were passed on generation to generation-and corrupted in the
copying to boot. With printing, new ideas could be duplicated without scribal
corruption. (Eisenstein 1979, p. 686) Cicero, for example, complained that the
Latin books for sale were inaccurate copies. (Diringer, p. 238) With printing,
people were given the<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>ability<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>conduct<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>open-ended<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>inquiry.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>1979,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>687)<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>Printing<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>meant<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>greater<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>number<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>books could be duplicated, meaning books
could enjoy wider distribution. Scholars no longer had to wander about to
locate<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>rare<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>book.<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">72)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Without going into a great deal of detail, consider what printing did
to help the Reformation. Protestant doctrine stressed Bible-reading as
necessary for salvation, which undoubtedly increased literacy. Consider the
refusal of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>the<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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Catholic church to permit a Bible to be
printed in<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>anything but the Latin
Vulgate. It had to have the opposite effect; it had<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>discourage<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>reading.<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">1979,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">p.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">333)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 29.75pt;">
<b>THE PRESERVATION<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ARGUMENT</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
All of this suggests that the printing press caused changes in the way
people thought. But as I said earlier, generally, technological change flows
from intellectual demand or<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>need
rather than the other way around. Consider that the period we call the Renaissance
began a century before Gutenberg invented the printing press. Social and
intellectual change preceded the invention of the printing press. Change is
reflected in the founding of the universities. "The secular development of
learning profoundly affected the way in which books came to be written, copied
and distributed." (Febvre/Martin, p. 15) As Pattison puts it:
"European print literacy began well before Gutenberg." (Pattison, p. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">89) </span>Mumford cites the rise of the
university-which he calls "a social invention of the first order"-for
elevating the role of the pursuit of knowledge into an enduring structure. Says
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Mumford: </span>"In the university,
the functions of cultural storage, dissemination and interchange, and creative
additional-perhaps the three most essential functions of the city-were
adequately performed." (Mumford, <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">p.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">276)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 39.45pt;">
We know, according to <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Febvre </span>and Martin, that "a new reading
public emerged in the late 13<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">th </span>century. .
Lawyers, lay advisers at Court, state officials and, later on, rich merchants
and town citizens-all needed books, not only in their own subjects like law,
politics or science, but also works of literature, edifying moral treatises,
romances and translations." (Febvre/Martin, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">22)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 30.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
This change reflected the evolution of the manuscript in western
Europe from the Monastic Age to the Secular Age. (Febvre/Martin, p. 15) And as
an aside, let me note that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>also
helping this secularization of communication was relatively cheap paper (Innis,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">p. </span>127)--still another variable in
the history of technology and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>thought.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Of course, the printing press helped ideas advance. But<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>first it helped cement the intellectual
advances to that<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>date.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 46.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
From printing, we got the standardization of language. Caxton, we are
told, ignored all dialects except that of the Home<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Counties<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>London<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>(Steinberg,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>88)<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Spelling<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>too<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<div class="WordSection6">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 4.25pt;">
was standardized. (Steinberg, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.5pt;"> </span>89)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin-right: 152.8pt;">
Early
printing concentrated on reproducing works. In China, the<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>prime minister became so worried about
errors in the classics of Confucius that in the late 10<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 98%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">th </span>century he had the works printed-to
authenticate and preserve, not disseminate. (Meggs, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">pp. </span>32-32) The same thing happened with Gutenberg's invention.
One of his first publications was the Bible. He was sure he had an audience for
a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>classic.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 33.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>complains<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>indiscriminate<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>reproduction that went on and the amount
of scientifically worthless material that gained wide circulation during the
first century<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>print.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>168,<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>509).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
One of the first books William Caxton printed was <i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">The </span>Canterbury Tales. </i>Someone
pointed out to him that his version didn't match the true version, so Caxton
reprinted<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>it with a statement that
said, in essence, from now on future generations have the correct version to
copy. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(Winship,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">p.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 57.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
158)<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>date<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>approximately<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>1490.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Caxton's<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">comment
</span>shows<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>appreciation<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>permanence<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 66.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Eisenstein also argues, though, that fixity had its drawbacks. Once an
edict was put into print, it could become<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>irrevocable.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>1983,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>82)<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Precedent
became more significant, and the battle to establish precedents<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>intensified.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>1983,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>119)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin-right: 33.05pt;">
In that
regard, Gutenberg's invention did more to preserve than create. As Pattison
points out, the major beneficiaries of print were the Latinists, "for the
majority of books<span style="letter-spacing: -2.55pt;"> </span>printed were
classical texts and translations aimed at a learned audience." (Pattison,
p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">99)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 34.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
The printing press did more to advance ideas when it became<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>producer<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>materials<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>mass<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>distribution.<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>And that did not happen without technological<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>advances.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 107%; margin-right: 29.75pt;">
The press
Gutenberg invented was not improved upon<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>for
350 years-until the early 19<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">th </span>century.
(Steinberg, pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.4pt;"> </span>23,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 12.45pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
198) Certainly, that makes Gutenberg's invention
all<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>the<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.95pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
more dramatic, but it also demonstrates that for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>something<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<div class="WordSection7">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 2.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
so basic to be heralded as a cause of intellectual change misses the
point of subsequent improvements. Printing equipment<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>started<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>improving<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>around<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>1600.<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>(Steinberg,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>p. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">200):</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.15pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<b>PRINTING CULTURE VS. SCRIBAL<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>CULTURE</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 34.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Let me now go back in time to point out some of the elements of the
scribal society. I am going to argue that many of the changes attributed to the
printing press were merely technological improvements of the scribal society,
not original with the printing press, as some<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;">
</span>suggest.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 34.5pt;">
Writing, you
may recall, did not fare well in some of the highly developed oral cultures.
Plato, for example, complained that it served merely recall, not memory or <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">wisdom. </span>(Ong, p. 55) Several of the
scholars cited at the outset suggest that one virtue of the printed word is
that it can be re-examined-recalled, if you will-yet Plato centuries before
associated recall with the written word. Recall really is a virtue of writing.
Havelock, in fact, cites the creation of the alphabet as a major step in
thought<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">, </span>because, with the
alphabet, "a visible artifact was preservable without recourse to
memory." (Havelock, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.75pt;"> </span>6)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 31.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Despite Plato's deprecating comments, writing came about for
utilitarian reasons. scholars believe that the writing that evolved in
Mesopotamia reflected the needs of a temple economy to keep records. The
overlords had to know who had paid taxes, what seeds had been planted, food
stored, how much food eaten. (Meggs, p. 6) And record-keeping was not something
forgotten in the Dark Ages. Consider the Domesday<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Book,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>commissioned<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>William<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Conqueror<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>in 1065. A record of ownership, real
estate values and assessments, and currents laws, the 600-page book contains
13,000 place names. Regardless of the age, people recognized a need and
developed the technology to meet the need.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 33.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
The printing press did not engender books. Books existed long before
the printing press. Early books have been<span style="letter-spacing: -2.3pt;"> </span>traced
to Mesopotamia-baked clay tablets-and the Nile<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;">
</span>Valley-<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection8">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 131.8pt; margin-right: 30.1pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 191px; left: 0px; margin-left: 240px; margin-top: 322px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 251655166;"><br /></span><!--[endif]-->papyrus. (Diringer. p. 51) Primitive
books have been traced to 3000 B.C. Pliny says that the Egyptians also wrote on
the leaves of palm trees, then on bark, sheets of lead for public documents and
sheets of linen or wax for private documents. (Diringer, p. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">42) </span>Furthermore, evidence exists that Greek
books were<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>produced<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>commercially<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>Rome.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>(Rawson,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 34.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 76.8pt;">
p. 43) The spread of reading and writing
created a market for books, a market that was ripe<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>two hundred years before Gutenberg invented the printing
press. (Pattison, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">99)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 32.15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
With writing came libraries and a crude catalogue system. Books were
catalogued according to Incipits-the first word or<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>words<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>book.<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>(Steinberg,<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>105)<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>sounds<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>similar<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;">
</span>to conducting a keyword search in a computerized<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>database.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 35.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
In another system, the tablets of a series were numbered and the
number and "name" of the book appeared on each tablet. The Epic of
Creation begins "In the beginning that which is above was not called the
sky" and those words appear<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>each<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>tablet<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>followed<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>No.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>1,<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>etc.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>(Diringer.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">pp. </span>64-66)
These sounds to me like the running heads that Stillwell and others attribute
to the printing<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>press.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 31.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
The Epic of Creation is only seven tablets long. But as we approach
the Middle Ages, books get longer and more "expensive." A 200-page
book required four or five months labor and 25 sheepskins for the parchment. In
fact the sheepskins were worth more than the scribe's labor.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.15pt;"> </span>(Meggs,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
p. 71) In the early 1400s, the value of a book was equal to the value
of a farm or vineyard. (Meggs, p. 72) No <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">wonder
</span>Gutenberg invented the printing press; society needed a less expensive
way to produce<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>books.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 32.7pt;">
Even before Gutenberg,
cultures began to accumulate knowledge.<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>Facts<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>committed<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>paper<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>allowed<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>information<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>to be transmitted
from one generation to another. Thus, the first "textbook"-Treatise
on the <i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Astrolabe
</span></i>by Geoffrey Chaucer-was adapted from a book by an 8<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">th </span>century Arab. (Ong, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">29)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 42.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Writing gave rise to libraries. (Charyk, p. 11) Most of <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">the </span>great scientists of antiquity had
access to the libraries of their<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>time.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>(Eisenstein<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>1979,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>503)<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>What<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>printing<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>did<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>was<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection9">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 54.85pt; margin-top: 2.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
help libraries increase their holdings.
Within twenty-five years of the invention of the printing press, Cambridge's
library<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>almost<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>tripled<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>holdings.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>(Buhler,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>19)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 42.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Recall the earlier comment by <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Febvre
</span>and Martin in which they gave all credit to the printing press for the
pamphleteering that accompanied Luther's attack on Indulgences. Yet Rawson
reports similar attempts to influence public opinion in Greece and Rome, where
speeches and political pamphlets were reproduced and disseminated. (Rawson, p.
35) Centuries later, the assassination of St. Thomas a Bucket on December 19,
1170, was reported-in written form-within weeks in Bohemia, Palestine and
Iceland. (Reif) Technology aside, modern mass communication theory suggests
that ideas and predisposed audiences mix well whereas an audience that<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>predisposed<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>idea<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>even<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>examine<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>it. (Klapper,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">passim)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 33.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Rawson also provides an example of writing as a preserver of the
status quo. She says that in the second century Roman senators began to record
the traditions of their<span style="letter-spacing: -2.3pt;"> </span>past. They
were concerned with protecting the legendary origins of the city by showing its
links to the heroes of Hellenic legend. (Rawson, pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">217-16)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
And where some scholars credit printing with the standardization of
the written word (Eisenstein 1979, p. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">322), </span>Ong
says it began with writing. Writing saw the origin of<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>grammarians.<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>(Ong,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>76)<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Rawson<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>notes<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>demands<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>a
Roman emperor for a simple prose style (Rawson, p. 319)-- again an attribute
for which the printing press erroneously gets<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>credit.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 29.75pt;">
<b>SUMMARY AND<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>CONCLUSIONS</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
In this paper I have argued that many of the practical and intellectual
feats attributed to the printing press were really products of the scribal
society that preceded the Renaissance. I have also argued that the printing
press was invented in a willing society and that far from causing change was
really the product of a society in<span style="letter-spacing: -2.3pt;"> </span>change.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 32.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
Society's attitude toward language caused
the technology; a society not interested in language would not have needed to
invent the printing press. (Pattison, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">89)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection10">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 126.4pt; margin-right: 37.55pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Finally, speculate for a moment where printing would be today without
the First Amendment. Would it have advanced as far as it<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>has?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 34.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Without the First Amendment, would printing presses still be as
"crude" as Gutenberg's? Or did Gutenberg's invention trigger the <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">First </span>Amendment? Innis says: "The full
impact<span style="letter-spacing: -2.25pt;"> </span>of printing did not become
possible until the adoption of the Bill of Rights in the United States with its
guarantee of freedom of the press." The Bill of Rights sanctified the
printed word and protected it from vested interests.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>(Innis,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
p. 13B) Once again, the intellectual climate fostered technological
development and growth, just as it had<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>during
the<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>Renaissance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 182.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 34.5pt; margin-top: 13.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Curt F. Buhler, <i>The
Fifteenth-Century Book. The Scribes </i>* <i>The
Printers </i>* <i>The Decorators. </i>Philadelphia:
The University of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Pennsylvania<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;">
</span>1960.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Joseph Charyk, "Development of Information and
Telecommunication Systems" in <i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Telematics </span>and lnformatics </i><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Volume </span>1, No. 1,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1984.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">David Diringer, <i>The Book
Before Printing. Ancient, Medieval avid Oriental. </i>New York: Dover
Publications, Inc., 1953 (as <i>The
Hand-Produced<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>Book).</i></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, <i>The
Printing Press as </i>an Agent <i>of </i>Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. (Citations in this paper are from
the 1980 paperback edition.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 39.35pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Elizabeth L.. Eisenstein, <i>The
</i>Printing <i>Revolution in Early Modern
Europe. </i>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983 (Abridged version of <i>The Printing Press as an Agent of Change.)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jacques <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ellul, </span><i>The <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Technological
Society. </span></i>New York: Vintage <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Books,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">1954.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 54.95pt; margin-right: 53.8pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Lucien <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Febvre </span>and Henri-Jean
Martin, <i>The Coning of the Book. </i>(Verso
edition) Editions Albin <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Michel, 1950. </span>(Translated
by David<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>Gerard)<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection11">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Eric A. Havelock, <i>The
Literate Revolution in Greece and </i><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">Its </span><i>Cultural Consequences. </i>Princeton, New
Jersey: Princeton University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>1902.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 30.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dard </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hunter, <i>Papermaking in Pioneer America. </i>Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -2.65pt;"> </span>1952.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 73.45pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Harold A. Innis, <i>The Bias of
Communication. </i>Toronto: University of Toronto Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -2.55pt;"> </span>1951.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Joseph </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">T. Klapper, <i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">The </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Effects </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Mass</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span></i>Communication. Glencoe,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Illinois:<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Free<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>1960.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Philip B. Meggs, <i>A <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">History </span></i>of <i>Graphic Design. </i>New York:<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>Van
Nostrand <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Reinhold,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1983.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lewis <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Mumford, </span><i>The <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">City </span>in
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">History, </span>its <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Origins, </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">its </span>Transformations,
</i>and its <i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Prospects. </span></i>New York: Harcourt, Brace<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>&<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>World,<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>Inc.,<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>1961.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 36.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Walter<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>3.<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>Ong,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Rhetoric,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Romance,<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Technology.<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Studies in the inter action of Expression
and Culture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;">
</span>1971.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Robert Pattison, <i>On
Literacy, The Politics of the Word from Homer to the Age of Rock. </i>New York
and Oxford: Oxford University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>1982.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Elizabeth Rawson, <i>intellectual
Life in the Late Roman Republic. </i>Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins
University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>1985.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rita Reif, "A medieval manuscript" in <i>The New York<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Times,</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.95pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">June </span>20,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1966, </span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">C26.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 53.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anthony Smith, <i>Goodbye
Gutenberg. The Newspaper Revolution of the 1980s. </i>Oxford: Oxford University<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>Press, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">1980.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">S.H. </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Steinberg, Five <i>Hundred Years of Printing. </i>New York: Criterion Press</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">,<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1959.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Margaret Bingham Stillwell, <i>The
Beginning of the World of Books. 1450-1470. A Chronological Survey of the Texts
Chosen for Printing during the First Twenty Years of the Printing Art. </i>New
York: The Bibliographical Society of America,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;">
</span>1972.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: .6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; margin-top: 3.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">George Parker <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Winship, </span><i>Printing in the Fifteenth<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Century.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.95pt; margin-right: 29.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
Philadelphia:<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>University<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>Pennsylvania<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">
</span>1940.<o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-62464063287830224042015-12-25T16:16:00.000-05:002015-12-25T16:16:30.153-05:00May the Farce Be With You<div class="MsoNormal">
When I was young, movies that weren’t quite as well made as
the best were called “B movies.” A lot of them were westerns or science fiction
(Godzilla comes to mind), but you knew what you were in for and accepted it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then along came Star Wars and science fiction movies went A
list.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unfortunately, the current Star Wars movie is a C, and
that’s with a touch of grade inflation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My wife and I went to see it fully expecting top of the
line. Well, the visuals were great and the music out of this world, but other
than that, the movie had little to recommend. The dialogue was 20<sup>th</sup>
century and Mickey Rooneyish in a way. No, nobody said “Let’s put on a play,”
but I kept waiting for it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For example, in the middle of a battle, someone would pull
off a super kill and he and another good guy would pause to celebrate. They
didn’t high five, but they did come close. When you’re fighting for your life,
you don’t pause. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The movie had rough spots. There was the “death” of pilot superior Poe Dameron early
in the movie, only to show up toward the end to help win the day. He quickly
explains that he survived the crash and that’s it. Similarly, R2D2 is out of
commission but comes back in time to provide a piece of the puzzle that will
eventually lead Rey to finding Luke Skywalker. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then there’s the dialogue between Princess Leia and her
husband, Han Solo, about their son who has gone over to the dark side. It was
so soapy I have erased it from my memory bank already. I just remember a lot of
clichés. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some people might consider the next sentence a spoiler so if
you haven’t seen the movie, stop reading NOW. If you saw the original Star
Wars, you pretty much know the plot for the current one. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The movie had three writers, among them J.J. Abrams, who
also directed, and is listed as one of the producers for the next Star Trek
movie, due out in July. Abrams’ father, Gerald, by the way, has a quick part in
the new Star Wars, but no mention, yet, if he’s in the next Star Trek. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I miss Darth Vader. </div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-14102310698048341572015-12-10T08:53:00.000-05:002015-12-10T08:53:22.871-05:00Jude Writes Poetry. No Question.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvyrWGTl0nDnuzFVkjnt8uLex1V-4_lvWVeoMGDM5sAIzKGtBxVybNiVBzznDXeTqBOFzZ7X3dGEbVihtX-NzCIBRmksqBFf65eiix4zBSfTFykYwviDIwuyI7AwRN1CYJVHL-XHnk6n8/s1600/jude008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvyrWGTl0nDnuzFVkjnt8uLex1V-4_lvWVeoMGDM5sAIzKGtBxVybNiVBzznDXeTqBOFzZ7X3dGEbVihtX-NzCIBRmksqBFf65eiix4zBSfTFykYwviDIwuyI7AwRN1CYJVHL-XHnk6n8/s320/jude008.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
One of my English professors told us that when insurance company executive Wallace Stevens won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1955, one of his colleagues remarked: “Wally writes poetry?”<br />
<br />
If you’ve known Pennsylvania newspaper editor Jude Dippold, you might be as surprised to learn that he, too, is a poet. He’s just published a collection called <i>Crossings</i>, which is available from Finishing Line Press and Amazon.<br />
<br />
Despite his long newspaper career in Warren, Pennsylania, Dippold has a degree in philosophy, which one can detect in this collection. One can also sense a bit of newsroom cynicism, and I also picked up on what I thought were autobiographical markers by someone who’s just about my age.<br />
<br />
For example, there’s the poem titled “Family Funeral” about cousins burying their elders and now they sit around and “warily size up each other, each unwilling to relinquish the fellowship of death.” At 71, having seen all the aunts and uncles buried (and one sister), I can relate to that. <br />
<br />
At least 10 of the 26 poems have something to do with death and dying. One of the longer ones is titled “The Obituary,” and recounts the life of Orrie Pudder, once of Hacker Valley, West Virginia. Pudder died in 2013 and his online obituary includes these sentences: “Spending time at his barber shop in Sugar Grove (Pennsylvania) was a social experience for all that came to him. He will be missed by all that knew him.”<br />
<br />
Dippold ends his poem this way:<br />
<br />
“But there was no way<br />
any newspaper could explain<br />
why friendship<br />
so often filled his barbershop<br />
with men who had no need for haircuts.”<br />
<br />
One might compare the poem to Frost’s “Death of the Hired Man.”<br />
<br />
Despite having an undergraduate degree in English, I never read a lot of poetry beyond most of Emily Dickinson’s work. I’m glad to add Jude Dippold to that list and urge you to check out his collection.<br />
<br />
<br />The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-44221460699796820922015-09-01T05:57:00.002-04:002015-09-01T05:57:47.768-04:00More on Discounts for Cash<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRF5rugIXaQbkP8CZt-zPlGf1nHQlP2e4AMV7-M546POVkXrFvx2Sr_QFVF_ZQc6bSZ56gjcJKWnwe_BF0Apqx9ACFAOBfn0_72t7NI0-TU-yuvzuKsspKM9_g2jsqR6Dw4p6Uw5el62g/s1600/Rochester_Aug302015_0001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRF5rugIXaQbkP8CZt-zPlGf1nHQlP2e4AMV7-M546POVkXrFvx2Sr_QFVF_ZQc6bSZ56gjcJKWnwe_BF0Apqx9ACFAOBfn0_72t7NI0-TU-yuvzuKsspKM9_g2jsqR6Dw4p6Uw5el62g/s320/Rochester_Aug302015_0001.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Recently, I published this letter in my local newspaper:<br />
<br />
"The other day when I paid a restaurant tab with cash, I was rewarded for relying on paper instead of plastic.<br />
<br />
"The bill came to something and 50 cents and so I added two quarters to the bills to avoid getting any coins. The hostess returned with my change, which included a nickel. I checked the bill to make sure she had not erred and discovered that I had received a $3.04 discount for cash. Not only was I rewarded for using cash, the hostess rounded up.<br />
<br />
"I’d like to see more businesses offer a discount to people using cash."<br />
<br />
Read more here: http://www.centredaily.com/2015/08/24/4889776/letter-to-the-editor-reward-customers.html#storylink=cpy<br />
<br />
I figured that was the end of it. But then the owners of two restaurants asked me about the restaurant giving the discount and one of the owners revealed that there had been a court decision that allowed discounts for cash. I had no idea.<br />
<br />
More recently, I was pumping gas in the Rochester, New York, area and noticed that the station had a discount offer (see photo). Unfortunately, I noticed it too late.<br />
<br />
I’m beginning to think we’ll see more discount offers in the months ahead.<br />
<br />The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-45735859378706190822015-07-13T07:07:00.000-04:002015-07-13T07:07:09.619-04:00But<div class="MsoNormal">
A story in this morning’s Times got my linguistic juices
flowing. It’s about a female Marine Corps colonel who’s being <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/us/marine-commanders-firing-stirs-debate-on-integration-of-women-in-corps.html?ref=us&_r=0">drummed
out of the Corps</a> for, among other things, not following the chain of
command.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The colonel, Kate Germano (which I misread as Geronimo),
improved shooting abilities and physical outcomes for female recuits. Who doesn’t
want a Marine who can hit a target and carry 60 or more pounds? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Late in the story, one of Germano’s fellow officers says she
was “firm but fair.” It’s the “but” that caught my eye. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As everyone should know, “but” is a conjunction that joins
contrary ideas. It’s not like “and.” “I’m happy and glad,” he said. You’d never say:
“I’m happy, but glad.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What I don’t see is how being firm is the opposite of being
fair. This reminds me of my teaching days when students would refer to a
professor (usually me) as “tough but fair.” In my mind, they are co-equal, to
be joined by “and,” not “but.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I often wondered why students would talk like that and what
they were going to do in the real world, but I’ll leave that for another day. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-92010300116905606582015-04-30T10:25:00.000-04:002015-04-30T10:25:27.497-04:00Comparative Countries<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBPhoTX7f-8MZbKUhNP27fQLI9X24mHWII8c1VgLN_7o8F4i2R9R7DPPfUaw9OCznxxsOmJCpACA-6IC5_jvHMQQjz_zA2hCnRhyphenhyphenkPF5sqARpKVelfM0lzkRn08k3JMPh3lgv_XtqsAx8/s1600/alt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBPhoTX7f-8MZbKUhNP27fQLI9X24mHWII8c1VgLN_7o8F4i2R9R7DPPfUaw9OCznxxsOmJCpACA-6IC5_jvHMQQjz_zA2hCnRhyphenhyphenkPF5sqARpKVelfM0lzkRn08k3JMPh3lgv_XtqsAx8/s1600/alt.jpg" height="209" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jewish museum in Amsterdam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2004 my wife and I toured Spain, and when I returned, I
wrote an op-ed piece about the subtle signs of anti-Semitism that I detected. A
newspaper published my op-ed (which I can e-mail a copy but can no longer link
to).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A couple of weeks ago my wife and I toured Holland and
Belgium and I found the attitude toward Jews a lot different. Amsterdam, in
particular, has memorialized the Jews who were shipped off to German death
camps. There is, of course, the Anne Frank house, a Jewish historical museum,
art by Jews, even a sign in a park that says, in Dutch, Auschwitz No More. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike in Spain where I encountered doubletalk about the
country’s history with Jews, Dutch tour guides do not talk in coded language
about what happened in Holland. Of course, the Dutch were not willing
collaborators with the Nazis and even assumed that the country would be
respected as a neutral during World War II. Instead, the Nazis overran the
country.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One tour guide did speak about how the Jews and Protestants
got along well but then noted that the Jews did not trust the Catholics. The
tour guide cited the Spanish Inquisition as the reason that Jews were never comfortable
with Catholics in Holland. Catholic Spain did everything it could to drive out
Jews. Thus, all Catholics were suspect.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I reflected on the way the two countries talk about their
history with Jews, I realized that while there were memorials to Jews in
Holland, there was no such thing in Spain. Eleven years ago I urged the
Spaniards to make sure they were not guided by subtle historical events that
kept them trapped in an anti-Semitic attitude. I hope they’ve made some
progress in reversing that.<o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-71459103683945617522015-04-06T06:13:00.000-04:002015-04-06T06:17:18.908-04:00Creative Writing?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
When I was an undergraduate English major in the late 1960s,
one of my instructors, in fact, my favorite when it came to writing
instruction, scoffed at the phrase “creative writing.” All writing is creative,
he used to say. By that he meant (I think) that the process of writing is one
of creation whether you’re writing a news story or the Great American Novel. (I
succeeded at the first and failed at the second.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Remember Janet Cooke?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She won a Pulitzer Prize in 1981 while a reporter for the
Washington Post. It turned out, the story was fiction promoted as fact. The
Post returned the Pulitzer and fired Cooke, who later, according to Wikipedia,
sold the movie rights for $1.6 million.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/business/in-report-on-rolling-stone-a-case-study-in-failed-journalism.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news">today’s
headlines</a> we have a report on the creation of a sensational story about a
gang rape at the University of Virginia. The report tells us that the writer, Sabrina
Rubin Erdely, and her editors failed Journalism 101 by, among other things, not
checking multiple sources or confirming events that were easily confirmable. It wasn't a matter of not letting the facts get in the way of a good story; it was a matter of not getting the facts to begin with.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I wanted to know more about Erdely and so I went to the
Wikipedia entry about her. It said she had been a pre-med major at the
University of Pennsylvania (not to be confused with the Pennsylvania State
University) who ultimately graduated with a degree in journalism. Knowing that
the Ivies look down their noses at journalism degrees, I checked the source for
this information—Erdely’s own website. As I suspected, she does not have a
degree in journalism. Like Cooke (and me), she has a degree in English, and
that’s according to her <a href="http://sabrinaerdely.com/bio.html">website</a>.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We English majors like to turn a phrase and tell good
stories. Facts are something to be manipulated—like digital photographs in
Photoshop. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Consider John Berendt. He revealed that he altered the
timeline in his “nonfiction” Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil in order
to create a better story. According to Wikipedia, Berendt has a degree in
English from Harvard. What is it with English majors?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ever since Cooke, who perpetrated her crime against the
facts when I was just starting my career as a journalism professor, I’ve thought
that the one strength journalism curricula had over English was a course in
ethics. If nothing else, an ethics course for English majors could emphasize
that if you manipulate the facts—move the Pyramids closer together, for
example, which a photographer did for a National Geographic cover—don’t sell
your work as nonfiction. Here’s a great yarn based on fact, but it ain’t the truth,
the whole truth and nothing but the truth. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the meantime, I edited Erdely’s Wikipedia entry, and she
now has a degree in English, not journalism, which is only fitting. After all,
somebody’s gotta check the facts. <o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-34993662637302108302015-03-07T05:03:00.000-05:002015-03-13T08:17:12.912-04:00<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>We Walked Right Into
It: Pennsbury High and the Vietnam War</i>, by Terry L. Nau. 242 pp. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is Terry Nau’s second book about Vietnam, the first
being a personal memoir of not just his service in Vietnam, but his life before
and after. He titled that one <i>Reluctant
Soldier...Proud Veteran: How a cynical Vietnam vet learned to take pride in his
service to the USA</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW-QzThNXRSwkfCPRxy1-Vz0o-aXWclkupp7EYKE4YEEiKWuxjMZx348G6OjT3emrbBN1c8SC_SjcidnomT2NSDUBVgv5FiOiWfY3qE-evJLAp22F9SQr2_DhgsMcrOtBhSLdBjfRc_10/s1600/nau+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW-QzThNXRSwkfCPRxy1-Vz0o-aXWclkupp7EYKE4YEEiKWuxjMZx348G6OjT3emrbBN1c8SC_SjcidnomT2NSDUBVgv5FiOiWfY3qE-evJLAp22F9SQr2_DhgsMcrOtBhSLdBjfRc_10/s1600/nau+cover.jpg" height="200" width="153" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In his second book, which was inspired by his oncoming 50<sup>th</sup>
high school reunion, Nau tells the story of 15 classmates who served—and
died—in the Vietnam War. For good measure, he’s also tracked down 25 survivors, and their stories appear here, too. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You probably don’t know anyone in the book (I’ve known the
author since the mid-1970s when he was cynical), but if you’re between the ages
of, say, 60 and 80, you know their stories. There are the enlistees and the
draftees, the parents who lost their only son, the young wives who became
widows, children who never knew their father, the subsequent medical problems (remember
Agent Orange?), the survivors, some of whom were reluctant to talk in detail
and others who ignored Nau’s request for information. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nau gets the book’s title from one of the survivors who,
surprised by the high number of deaths from Pennsbury High, says: “We walked
right into it, I guess.” Of course, with the benefit of hindsight, many in the
United States, veteran and civilian alike, would probably say that today. I
served in the Navy from 1963-67 and the closest I got to Vietnam was working
with some Marines who were about to be shipped there. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As he did with his first book, this one is also
self-published. As a shameless self-publisher myself, I’m only too glad to
promote the act—and the art. A lot of good stories would never get told if we
had to rely on profit-making publishers (who do fill a niche). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only zinger from me is the book’s lack of an index. I
wanted to review some stories and I could recall names, but without an index, I
couldn’t locate the people. So for all you self-publishers out there, there are
people who can help you format your manuscript, including an index. Use them. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-58828083738606891362015-02-13T07:23:00.002-05:002015-02-18T03:18:11.880-05:00On Deadline<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjIgGMNmA4BHa1khiSC9MvoYcT6nk_7wffrcOzfNswciItgn7DQ7n11-4QAT6-_UUEGdK2bbbK-TC0yiZRK-MN7JOwEnuj0cR8MKEBaiIy_L_N8E58W3XRMD7vb7RL5muVXJLPsu0aPc/s1600/DSCI0045_0106.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjIgGMNmA4BHa1khiSC9MvoYcT6nk_7wffrcOzfNswciItgn7DQ7n11-4QAT6-_UUEGdK2bbbK-TC0yiZRK-MN7JOwEnuj0cR8MKEBaiIy_L_N8E58W3XRMD7vb7RL5muVXJLPsu0aPc/s1600/DSCI0045_0106.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
I’m not sure how old I was when I calculated the year of my death. Let’s just say I was between 35 and 40 (I’m now 70), and I figured, based on the age my grandfathers were when they died, that I would die at 75 in 2020. You have to admit that the year has a nice balance to it.<br />
<br />
But then my father lived until he was 84 and my mother died a month short of her 98th birthday so it would appear I have longevity genes on my side. Unfortunately, I also inherited a condition that killed my father and my eldest sister. Fortunately, I found out in time and was able to have corrective surgery done on my heart.<br />
<br />
But the surgery not only gave me a new lease on life, it also gave me a new deadline because the new aortic valve came with a 15-year life of its. So that puts my due date at 2026 when I will be in my early 80s. And that’s only if the aneurysm they discovered during surgery doesn’t require an intervention. (My cardiologist checks it annually.)<br />
<br />
The good news is that I can always get a new valve, and there’s a decent chance that the surgery won’t be as traumatic as the original in which I was opened up, attached to a machine to keep me alive, and then dealt with recovery and several complications that kept me hospitalized longer than normal.<br />
<br />
But there are other factors that may come in to play. I realized this when a friend in his early 80s died after declining surgery. He had a couple of medical issues beyond the one the surgeon might—might—have fixed and his quality of life was not the best. It was possible he would come out of surgery alive but not by much. And so he chose to die.<br />
<br />
I write this not to be morbid, but to be clear-headed about what lies ahead for me. When my valve’s due date arrives, what kind of shape will I be in? If I am not able to get out and photograph, produce books, write pithy letters to the editor, enjoy wine and scotch, share a decent life with my wife, I just might opt out.<br />
<br />
And that’s why at this point I see myself as on deadline. I used to think that anything after 2020 was a bonus. If I’m lucky, I’ll get six bonus years.<br />
<br />
Gotta go. I have things to do and only so many years left to do them.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-44440074622827366802015-02-08T08:20:00.000-05:002015-02-08T08:20:34.942-05:00The Shortcomings of Memory<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD2PV2R1Eoxw9krbSTdl9h_h9zF4NaHi8R5OZIE7THhJ030E5U1Cnm1cAvhHIXghulGiuFbVd1P6xj4m5Seel8h7h7Ymn9ZF4CEkXow51U3xyN8R_A9-qmbL9PriI-72_fbtCchMxSGyI/s1600/con+and+me.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD2PV2R1Eoxw9krbSTdl9h_h9zF4NaHi8R5OZIE7THhJ030E5U1Cnm1cAvhHIXghulGiuFbVd1P6xj4m5Seel8h7h7Ymn9ZF4CEkXow51U3xyN8R_A9-qmbL9PriI-72_fbtCchMxSGyI/s1600/con+and+me.jpg" height="320" width="219" /></a></div>
<br />
When I taught in China in 1994, I had a dust-up with an associate dean in the China School of Journalism. I decided later, maybe even a year or two later, to write something about it, although for the life of me I don’t remember why I waited so long.<br />
<br />
I took pen in hand and began what was a very damning piece about this dean. I painted him in the most negative of terms and showed myself to be one fine fellow.<br />
<br />
Then I found the notes I had made right after the dust-up. Turns out, it wasn’t quite the dramatic situation I had penned and the dean didn’t look all that bad. I think I was still the heroic figure, but more subdued. (Every man’s a hero in his own story, I like to say.)<br />
<br />
I write about this in the context of what’s going on with Brian Williams, the anchor of NBC News. Various sources have come forth to undermine Williams’ telling of a helicopter attack in Iraq in 2003. When he first told the story, he was not in the helicopter that was under attack, but as the years moved on and he repeated the story, the story got more dramatic and less credible.<br />
<br />
Let’s face it: Stories, cheese and wine get better with age. But in the case of stories, you should always check your original notes. I bet Williams wishes he had.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-68984184633879048222015-01-12T10:27:00.001-05:002015-01-12T10:27:06.308-05:00Rewards and Handouts<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUijblaqeWY7x5frqk05wGzFsBT0gyk9noZFNny35jK5ROu5Xv3UK2biHN6U_71igwAMpwmokBaIyb4D6UtYYInG6icz4-TBnUrqga_pIu-LQs1W59LHFrrh2L2KOfp6ahZXn9be7U8HQ/s1600/22805243.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUijblaqeWY7x5frqk05wGzFsBT0gyk9noZFNny35jK5ROu5Xv3UK2biHN6U_71igwAMpwmokBaIyb4D6UtYYInG6icz4-TBnUrqga_pIu-LQs1W59LHFrrh2L2KOfp6ahZXn9be7U8HQ/s1600/22805243.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Armory at Penn State, since torn down.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I’m not sure where I’d be today without an education, but I suspect it wouldn’t any place enviable. I probably wouldn’t even know what the word “enviable” meant, except I learned it in high school during the 1950s when a good public education was to be had by many.<br />
<br />
Still, I am looking askance at President Obama’s proposal to provide free tuition for 9 million students attending community colleges nationwide. The president argues that education helps individuals rise to higher economic levels, which is in turn good for the country. The more you earn the more you spend and the more you pay in taxes.<br />
<br />
But the proposal is fraught with problems. As The New York Times’ <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/10/us/obama-announces-plan-to-pay-for-community-college.html?ref=education" target="_blank">story</a> reports, not everybody needs it, but everybody would get it. In order to keep it for the three-year maximum, a student would need a 2.5 average, which is trending toward a B minus. In other words, it’s a high C plus. Why not demand a B, a 3.0?<br />
<br />
The problem goes deeper than that. It puts the faculty member in the position of deciding who continues on the gravy train and who doesn’t. We had a situation like this during the Vietnam War when males with high grades didn’t get drafted and faculty became the equivalent of draft boards.<br />
<br />
I went to college with a government subsidy that had I not had would have meant 20 years in the Navy. But because of the G.I. Bill, I earned four years of tuition and got an undergraduate degree.<br />
<br />
And that’s what’s missing from the president’s proposal: There is no requirement that the person getting the government largess earn it in the first place. Taxpayers might find the idea more palatable if they saw it as a reward for service rendered rather than a handout.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-88736121030584029002014-12-22T14:04:00.000-05:002014-12-22T14:04:05.390-05:00Santa Claus in Cuba<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibg9DrujCjscMjE0Fr0F3REgcSPXvfHd6nkUnRaS4XxgaNwpKWqFP2pZmuqRRJknZDaQBTdHA4k3ase9wtgz_NU5EvyD7m6qDzQ1T_kPZsb8QT4xOcLpDoHs77NtnqbXiu2GE9P53kaRA/s1600/street+artist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibg9DrujCjscMjE0Fr0F3REgcSPXvfHd6nkUnRaS4XxgaNwpKWqFP2pZmuqRRJknZDaQBTdHA4k3ase9wtgz_NU5EvyD7m6qDzQ1T_kPZsb8QT4xOcLpDoHs77NtnqbXiu2GE9P53kaRA/s1600/street+artist.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A street artist in downtown Havana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
One of the comments you’ve read more than once about President Obama’s overtures to Cuba is that the embargo hasn’t worked so it’s time to try something different. In a way, though, the embargo has worked: It has demonstrated once again that a Communist government serves only itself, not the people.<br />
<br />
And as some commentators have pointed out, Cubans realized a long time ago that Castro had failed and that it was his fault, not the United States’.<br />
<br />
The way the embargo failed, of course, is that it did not result in regime change. The same brothers who were running Cuba a half a century ago are still in power. And the other day, brother Raul declared that Cuba was not abandoning communism. Whether or not that was for internal politics or not, change is in the air, but I would suggest it will come slowly, a victim of bad decisions made decades ago.<br />
<br />
I like to compare Communist China and Cuba. China under Mao was once a closed society with no middle class and a lot of people thinking socialism was the life of Riley. But that changed when China opened the door; the country I first visited in 1994 has changed dramatically. In 1994, the streets of Beijing were dimly lit. Today the city beams like Las Vegas. There’s a middle class. Some of my 1994 students own their own apartments and cars. In 2005, one of them admitted to me that he never saw that coming in 1994.<br />
<br />
But will the same thing happen in Cuba?<br />
<br />
The Castro boys nationalized businesses and chased investors. The Bacardi family still makes rum, only in Puerto Rico, a commonwealth of the United States. Hershey still makes chocolate but gets its sugar elsewhere. In general, Cuba not only chased the very businesses that could be used today to employ Cubans, the government dismantled the infrastructure.<br />
<br />
Unlike China, which could offer cheap labor, Cuba has nothing to offer the world other than the climate. It can become a tourist mecca—or you can enjoy the same climate and stay in the United States by visiting Puerto Rico—but a country built on one industry has a shaky infrastructure. If somebody sneezes after visiting Cuba, will tourists stay away?<br />
<br />
<br />
Loosening restrictions was a good move by Obama. Benefits will accrue to the United States down the road. The losers will be the Castro boys and communism.<br />
<br />
And if you look to Beijing today, consider that one of my former students tweeted: “Spooky to see so many Santas on the streets of BJ. Even spookier when a taxi app announces Santa's coming to get you.”<br />
<br />
Mao who? Fidel who? In the end, it's Santa Claus.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-2851277719965564322014-11-10T09:02:00.001-05:002014-11-10T09:02:18.839-05:00One for the Marines<br />
Whenever I meet a Marine veteran, I like to tell him about my last two years in the Navy. That’s when I served on a commodore’s staff in the amphibious Navy and we would take Marines to the Mediterranean on six-month deployments and relive D-day landings at all of the important World War II sites.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC_wK1yJ4wn3oGsJRXgHg1Uq7o2_iiBIDxa1bjtzsQ3zkMlThAqcoeRMAp6NdjVSy6Kg1NpbxYmLltVdZ11j_8aj3MeemI2ZCjthmOpvF9pxpqvtc8v3BCR_lrH2-qWpp9257G2RQFhAM/s1600/navydays.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC_wK1yJ4wn3oGsJRXgHg1Uq7o2_iiBIDxa1bjtzsQ3zkMlThAqcoeRMAp6NdjVSy6Kg1NpbxYmLltVdZ11j_8aj3MeemI2ZCjthmOpvF9pxpqvtc8v3BCR_lrH2-qWpp9257G2RQFhAM/s1600/navydays.jpg" height="320" width="195" /></a>Toward the end of my second and last cruise, several of us had a chance to take a group trip from a port in Italy to Munich. We went by train, of course, from Italy through the Brenner Pass in the Alps, through Austria and on to Germany. (I was hoping they’d rename the pass in my honor, but that hasn’t happened yet and we’re nearly 50 years out from my trip.)<br />
<br />
I was one naïve sailor. At the time there was a rule that you were not allowed to bring civilian clothes on a ship—so I didn’t. But when we boarded the train for Munich, all in uniform, it wasn’t long before everyone in our group was in civvies. There were two exceptions—me and a Marine.<br />
<br />
It was really no big deal until we got to the border checkpoint at Austria. A border guard walking through the train said that military were not allowed in Austria and that the Marine had to remove his blouse. The result would be a guy in khaki trousers and a T-shirt, which is not military uniform.<br />
<br />
Sitting next to the Marine, I immediately offered to take off my jumper.<br />
<br />
The guard shook his head no.<br />
<br />
“Military only,” he said.<br />
<br />
I was crestfallen. I wasn’t military.<br />
<br />
Then again, why would anyone in landlocked Austria consider the Navy military?<br />
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The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-82229041222939155462014-11-05T09:10:00.000-05:002014-11-05T09:10:01.508-05:00What We Don’t Need in Pennsylvania<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaQiZVFbVCmMFr6qr6QPQwBSbE-Nms8FCE-VusmNTuHlGGGM0Q4SPJpLvvYzHKnp-zvkAaFf53OiLwS7MBXL7w5fSqKZz8DenFE3JfZ-P06SZoXckjf8sFVuojdnbcG-H3MH_d7Q5x3Q/s1600/Capitol-front-viewLarge+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaQiZVFbVCmMFr6qr6QPQwBSbE-Nms8FCE-VusmNTuHlGGGM0Q4SPJpLvvYzHKnp-zvkAaFf53OiLwS7MBXL7w5fSqKZz8DenFE3JfZ-P06SZoXckjf8sFVuojdnbcG-H3MH_d7Q5x3Q/s1600/Capitol-front-viewLarge+(1).jpg" height="216" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Voters decided the other day to oust an inept Republican governor in favor of a Democrat and to increase the number of Republicans in the State Legislature. It almost looks like a mirror image of Washington.<br />
<br />
Let’s hope that the new governor and the legislators work for the benefit of Pennsylvania, not their political bases, and help bring the Commonwealth out of the dark ages. We do not need—or want—gridlock in Harrisburg.<br />
<br />
Compromise is not a dirty word. It is the art of the possible.<br />
<br />
R Thomas Berner<br />
Benner Township<br />
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The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-68858086702094897712014-10-24T08:09:00.001-04:002014-10-25T04:53:36.817-04:00A Way with WordsThe other day I waxed indignant on Facebook when Leroy Jethro Gibbs of NCIS, a Marine veteran, used the word “boat” to refer to a ship. It’s a common mistake that civilians make, but Gibbs, now working for the Navy, should know better. Besides, as a Marine veteran he’s no doubt made several cruises with an amphibious task force, although I don’t recall that he was with me on the two I made as a Navy radioman on a commodore’s staff.<br />
<br />
Someone made the comment that it didn’t matter and pointed out—disdainfully—that some curators also wax indignant when people refer to a painting as a picture. As long as the communication is clear, what’s the issue, the person asked.<br />
<br />
Clarity and precision.<br />
<br />
A picture can be a painting, a photograph, a drawing, a petroglyph, etc. You get the picture. A painting is a picture with certain attributes, starting with how it was made.<br />
<br />
The person asking the question fails to recognize general and specific terms. Let’s hope the FB discussion showed her the light.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5734301652470068633.post-4623513114177114442014-10-14T11:05:00.000-04:002014-10-14T11:05:02.780-04:00Columbus Did Discover America<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86W4VKCtvVt-WOMYTtRi-sU9QPck5O5AX8f_7bSydop8GEwzZKy8rM7DPs_WcaCAj8BDzcCAMKLlC0U74J-kktSQp1ZD6ToGUT1UzxCkaDYu8P3qClfLDXdayGX0M1mO5TK_zZtK3bs8/s1600/columbus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86W4VKCtvVt-WOMYTtRi-sU9QPck5O5AX8f_7bSydop8GEwzZKy8rM7DPs_WcaCAj8BDzcCAMKLlC0U74J-kktSQp1ZD6ToGUT1UzxCkaDYu8P3qClfLDXdayGX0M1mO5TK_zZtK3bs8/s1600/columbus.jpg" height="173" width="320" /></a></div>
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I know it is not politically correct to say this, but let’s
face it: Columbus discovered America. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The major argument against giving him credit for discovering
America is that people were already here, it had already been discovered. That’s
half true in that there were Native Americans living from north to south and
south to north, many probably unaware of the others. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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But that’s just it. There was no America. There was a land
mass on which discrete groups of people, from the Iroquois to the Mayans,
lived. But the groups were not united under major governments and never
conducted business very far from their villages. <o:p></o:p></div>
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As we all know, Columbus set sail looking for India. And why
did he want to find a shortcut to India? Riches. <o:p></o:p></div>
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He wasn’t interested in creating a better society; he was
interested in finding riches for the royal family of Spain. Others followed
him, most with the same goal in mind. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Out of that came America, the continuing quest for riches. Columbus
didn’t invent that quest, but he certainly extended it when he discovered
America. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So like it or not, for better or worse, Columbus discovered
America. Remember that on payday and when all the bills come due. <o:p></o:p></div>
The Spectatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04957037068796320437noreply@blogger.com0